PSG has now secured the season-opening cup on fourteen different occasions.
The Parisian giants needed a dramatic leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The Champions League holders seemed to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele found the net in the opening stages.
Yet, the southern French side fired twice in the closing moments to seize a surprise advantage. First, Mason Greenwood scored from the penalty spot, before the defender inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking twist of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital equaliser in the final moments to force the contest into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then stood as the hero, stopping decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all scored successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a convincing penalty win.
Now 14-time winners Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now lifted this trophy for the twelfth time in the past thirteen seasons.